How the lack of financial education impacts personal credit management

Oliveira, Stefany dos Santos de; Santos, Rogiene Batista dos

doi:10.22167/2675-6528-2026M07

Article

June 11, 2026

How the lack of financial education impacts personal credit management

Stefany dos Santos de Oliveira; Rogiene Batista dos Santos

DOI: 10.22167/2675-6528-2026M07

Article prepared by the ResumeAI tool, an artificial intelligence solution developed by the Pecege Institute focused on synthesis and writing.

Abstract

Understanding personal financial control is fundamental for informed decisions about credit and debt prevention. This study investigated how a lack of personal finance knowledge influences the inadequate use of credit and contributes to the indebtedness of Brazilian adults. The research was developed with a sample of 72 economically active individuals, with a minimum age of 18 years, through an online questionnaire with objective questions. The variables analyzed included socioeconomic profile, expense organization, understanding of compound interest, credit use, and default history. The methodology employed was mixed, combining exploratory and documentary approaches. The results indicated that the lack of adequate financial education was associated with impulsive credit use, difficulty in understanding its charges, and low frequency of financial planning practices. It was observed that, even among respondents with some previous contact with financial education, gaps persisted in the practical understanding and application of concepts. Default was more prevalent among individuals with income up to four minimum wages and in the age group of 28 to 43 years. It was concluded that public policies promoting continuous and accessible financial education from the school base are important, as well as the adoption of individual financial organization and control strategies to prevent over-indebtedness.

Keywords: Consumer behavior; Financial control; Indebtedness; Default.

1. Introduction

Credit is a fundamental tool in contemporary society for the acquisition of goods and services. However, default has become a growing difficulty in Brazil, impacting both consumers and financial institutions. This complex scenario, where a lack of financial understanding can lead to hasty decisions, results in the non-fulfillment of assumed commitments and worsens the economic situation of millions of Brazilians.

Data collected by Serasa, the main indicator of default in the country, reveal the gravity of the situation. In December 2024, Brazil registered approximately 73.5 million indebted individuals. This significant number not only reflects the economic difficulties faced by a large part of the population but also highlights a significant gap in knowledge about how to manage money effectively.

The difficulty in organizing and using financial resources consciously and strategically contributes to the perpetuation of the debt cycle. In this context, financial education emerges as a crucial tool for preventing and transforming this reality. According to Cordeiro et al. (2018), financial education is a learning model that is linked to personal financial planning, enabling the population to develop a critical and responsible perception in managing money. It goes beyond the simple recording of income and expenses, allowing for more conscious choices, preventing indebtedness, and structuring a solid plan for future stability and security.

The Federal Constitution establishes education as a fundamental right, essential for the full development of the individual and their active participation in society. In Brazil, financial education has had a peculiar development, initially focused on investment guidance for people already economically stable. Only in recent years has it come to be understood as a vital tool for building financial autonomy and economic inclusion, enabling society to understand its financial reality and the consequences of its decisions (Araujo and Calife, 2014). Encouraging financial literacy from childhood, according to Lazaretti et al. (2024), allows for the development of a more conscious relationship with money, promoting responsible behaviors and more prudent and sustainable consumption (Silva and Powell, 2013).

Despite the growing importance of financial education, the lack of financial control is still a reality that affects both the national economy and individual life. The lack of knowledge in personal finance influences the misuse of credit, the difficulty in understanding financial charges, such as compound interest which can become burdensome for the debtor (Serasa, 2024; Oliveira, 2022), and the low frequency of financial planning practices. Even among those with some previous contact with the subject, there are still gaps in practical understanding and application of concepts, which contributes to impulsive credit use and the worsening of the financial situation (Santos et al., 2023).

Financial well-being is a facet of general well-being, encompassing satisfaction with one’s economic status and the perception of security and stability in managing personal finances (Fraga et al., 2017). The way each person organizes and uses their money directly influences their quality of life and well-being (Blanchard, 2004). Given the persistence of indebtedness and its relationship with a lack of financial knowledge, it becomes imperative to investigate the factors that lead to this situation. Thus, the present research aimed to understand the main elements that lead people to indebtedness, analyzing its origins and how financial education interferes with the economic choices of the population.

2. Material and Methods

The present study was of a mixed nature, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, and was characterized as exploratory and documentary research. The central objective was to understand the main elements that lead people to indebtedness, analyzing their origins and how financial education interferes in the economic choices of the population, as outlined in the introduction. The methodology employed sought to investigate the influence of the lack of financial knowledge on the use of credit and the indebtedness of Brazilian adults.

The documentary research was carried out by collecting information from secondary sources, such as data from FEBRABAN, the Central Bank, Serasa, and scientific articles. The purpose of this stage was to diagnose consumption habits, financial planning, and access to credit, seeking to understand the influence of the lack of financial guidance on the growth in the number of defaulters and indebted individuals in Brazil (Lakatos and Eva, 2021; Lozada and Nunes, 2019). To ensure the quality of the information, inclusion and exclusion criteria were established.

The inclusion criteria for the documentary research covered the search for indicators of default and indebtedness from the last five years, in addition to specific fields of study such as personal financial administration, consumption culture, financial education in schools, generation, and finance. The classification of studies was carried out from the most recent to the oldest, aiming to gather updated and relevant data. In contrast, the exclusion criteria determined the non-use of texts in languages other than Portuguese, unreliable sources or those without academic reference, data published more than five years ago without recent review, and research that did not present a well-defined methodology.

The field research was conducted by applying a structured questionnaire, developed on the “Google Forms” platform. The instrument was applied between April 14 and 17, 2025. The unit of analysis consisted of economically active individuals, aged 18 years or older, residing in Brazil. The sample comprised 72 participants, with no gender distinction for data acquisition.

The questionnaire was composed exclusively of closed-ended questions, which enabled a quantitative approach to the analysis of the results. The choice of “Google Forms” was due to its practicality in application and accessibility, allowing for wide digital distribution of the questionnaire. The tool also offered an automated system for organizing and storing responses, facilitating data tabulation.

The questionnaire was developed based on five essential dimensions for understanding the factors influencing the financial management of the respondents. These dimensions included socioeconomic profile, lack of financial knowledge, financial habits, credit usage, and indebtedness/default. The analyzed variables covered socioeconomic characteristics, expense organization, understanding of compound interest, credit access, and default history.

The technique for analyzing the data collected through the questionnaire was based on the quantitative approach, focusing on the tabulation and interpretation of closed-ended responses. Regarding ethical considerations, due to the absence of personal data collection and information that could identify participants, submission to the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) was waived.

3. Results and Discussion

The analysis of the collected data allowed for an in-depth understanding of the factors influencing indebtedness and default among Brazilian adults, focusing on the relationship with personal finance knowledge. Initially, the socioeconomic profile of the participants was outlined, revealing that the majority of respondents, 45.83% of the total, were in the age group between 28 and 43 years. This stage of life is considered crucial for applying financial concepts, as decisions made during this period have a direct and lasting impact on individual financial health, as highlighted by Junqueira (2025). The absence of adequate financial education at this stage can lead to the accumulation of debt and difficulties in future planning.

When investigating the history of default, a significant concentration was observed among participants aged between 28 and 43 years, representing 62.86% of individuals with negative credit or who have already regularized their financial situation. This finding contrasts with Serasa data from March 2025, which indicates the 41 to 60 age group as the most indebted in the national scenario, with 35.1%. However, the proximity of the 26 to 40 age group in the Serasa survey (34%) to the most vulnerable group identified in the research (28 to 43 years) suggests a trend of early indebtedness. Younger people tend to underestimate the severity of their debts, while individuals over 45 years old accumulate higher financial commitments, as pointed out by Daud et al. (2023) and Keese (2010).

The participants’ monthly income also proved to be a relevant factor. It was found that 70.83% of respondents had an income of up to four minimum wages, with 33.33% in the range of one to two minimum wages and 37.50% between two and four minimum wages. Only 22.22% declared an income between four and ten minimum wages, and a minimal portion of 1.39% reported an income exceeding ten minimum wages. This predominance of individuals with lower purchasing power corroborates the literature that points to the greater exposure of low-income groups to situations of financial instability, which can aggravate indebtedness and restrict access to credit, as observed by Campbell (2006).

The relationship between indebtedness and income was further explored by comparing the survey data with the study by the National Confederation of Commerce (CNC, 2025). The indebtedness of Brazilian families showed a generalized increase between April 2024 and April 2025, with a highlight for families earning between five and ten minimum wages, which registered a growth of 1.6 percentage points. Although families with income above ten minimum wages had a retraction of 4.4 percentage points in indebtedness, the original survey indicated that families with income between two and four minimum wages represent 42.86% of default cases, a less pronounced but still significant increase.

Default, in turn, was strongly associated with decreased income, unforeseen events, and job loss, in addition to a lack of financial control and planning, according to Santos et al. (2023). Souza’s (2017) research reinforces that unemployment is one of the biggest influencers of default, as the loss of the source of livelihood makes it difficult to meet financial commitments. This complexity of factors underscores the need for a multifaceted approach to understand and mitigate the problem of indebtedness.

One of the most concerning findings was the gap in knowledge about compound interest. The survey revealed that 58.3% of participants do not understand how compound interest works and its impact on debt. This lack of understanding is critical, as compound interest, or “interest on interest,” can become extremely burdensome for the debtor, accelerating debt growth over time, especially when payments are delayed, as explained by Serasa (2024) and Oliveira (2022). Individuals with low financial literacy often use compound interest unfavorably, worsening their indebtedness instead of leveraging it for long-term investments.

The use of credit cards has emerged as a central element in the financial behavior of participants. The vast majority, 88.89%, stated they own a credit card, and almost 80% use it recurrently (42.19% always and 37.50% frequently). This high rate of adoption and continuous use, often without planning, contributes to the increase in indebtedness and default, especially among those with lower income and little financial education. Fernandes (2022) highlights that low financial knowledge makes it difficult to control this resource, leading to indebtedness.

The Financial Stability Report (2025) corroborates these findings, indicating a significant increase in individual income commitment to credit card debt. Moreira (2000) already pointed out that uncontrolled spending increases the probability of incurring debt, especially when a considerable portion of income is allocated to card purchases. The Brazilian Indebtedness Profile and Behavior Survey (2022) identified credit cards as the main type of indebtedness (53%), with most expenses (65%) related to the acquisition of food in supermarkets, highlighting the use of credit to meet basic needs. Santos and Casali (2012) describe indebtedness as a common practice in contemporary consumer society.

Despite the expansion in credit offerings, the research indicated that a considerable portion of the population is not prepared to use it responsibly, due to a lack of financial knowledge, as pointed out by Lusardi and Tufano (2015). Almost half of the respondents, 43.1%, have had a credit request denied, which suggests difficulties in accessing or maintaining a good financial history. The CNDL (2023) survey revealed that 34% of participants became delinquent due to unpaid installment purchases, with 21% of these cases related to credit cards.

The National Confederation of Commerce (CNC, 2025) also pointed out that credit cards maintained the largest share in the volume of indebted individuals, being used by 83.8% of debtors, although there was a retraction of 3.3 percentage points compared to April 2024. Donadio et al. (2012) explain that the wide availability and ease of obtaining credit cards, combined with high interest rates, expose consumers, especially those with lower incomes, to significant risks of indebtedness.

Regarding formal financial education, 56.9% of participants stated they had had some discipline on the subject in school or college, while 43.1% never had formal contact. Although these numbers are more positive than the national scenario presented by Klapper et al. (2014), which indicates that only 35% of Brazilians have adequate financial education, there is still a significant gap. Brazil, in fact, is positioned behind countries with lower economic development in this regard, reinforcing the urgency of more structured and continuous financial education, according to Oliveira (2022).

The research “Finances in the Periphery” (Serasa; Instituto PiniOn, 2023) complements this view, showing that 28% of residents in peripheral areas have little or no knowledge of financial education, and interest in the topic is lower in these groups. Despite this, 48% of respondents from peripheral areas expressed a desire to participate in specialized courses, and 34% were willing to invest in financial content, indicating a potential for educational interventions. Alves and Carvalho (2020) highlight the importance of financial education for personal finance control and efficient resource utilization.

Regarding personal financial control, slightly more than half of the participants (52.8%) stated they always record their monthly expenses and income, while 23.6% do so occasionally, and 26.4% do not maintain any type of control or wish to start. These results align with Carmo’s (2012) research, which identified the lack of financial control as the main cause of default for 50% of the respondents. The absence of essential knowledge about personal finance hinders adequate planning and management of income and expenses, according to Oliveira (2022).

The formation of an emergency fund, fundamental for financial stability, also presented challenges. Only 26.4% of participants manage to save money every month, while 47.2% save with no fixed frequency, and 26.4% cannot save any amount. Peretti (2000) and Ferreira (2017) emphasize the importance of this practice for financial balance and the prevention of hasty decisions. Although the Financial Literacy Report from the Central Bank of Brazil (2023) points to advances in saving habits, especially among young people, there is still an effort needed to achieve greater financial stability in the general population.

The comparison with a study by Oliveira (2021) reveals that, even among individuals with higher education, 28% admitted not having effective control over their spending, converging with the findings of this research. This suggests that theoretical knowledge about personal finance does not always translate into consistent planning and saving practices, due to challenges such as low remuneration and poor income distribution, according to Godoi (2022). Tolotti (2007) and Eker (2006) highlight that the formation of an emergency fund requires discipline, commitment, and the transformation of limiting beliefs into conscious financial habits.

In summary, the research results indicate that default is predominantly concentrated in the age group of 28 to 43 years and among individuals with income up to four minimum wages, showing greater financial vulnerability in these groups. Although most participants have had some contact with financial education, this learning is often sporadic and insufficient to promote effective changes in financial behavior. The difficulty in understanding concepts such as compound interest and the high dependence on credit cards for daily consumption are crucial factors contributing to indebtedness. These findings reinforce the need for continuous and accessible financial education, capable of translating theoretical knowledge into effective financial planning and control practices, aiming at the prevention of over-indebtedness and the improvement of quality of life.

4. Conclusion

This research sought to understand the elements that lead to indebtedness, analyzing their origins and the influence of financial education on the population’s economic choices. It was found that default was predominantly concentrated in the age group of 28 to 43 years and among individuals with income up to four minimum wages, evidencing a pronounced financial vulnerability in these groups. A significant gap in knowledge about compound interest was observed, with most participants demonstrating difficulty in understanding its impact on debt. The recurrent use of credit cards, often without planning and to meet basic needs, was identified as a crucial factor in the increase of indebtedness. Although a considerable portion of respondents had some contact with financial education, this learning was often sporadic and insufficient to promote effective changes in financial behavior, resulting in a low frequency of personal financial planning and control practices, such as expense tracking and the formation of an emergency fund.

The main contribution of this study lies in reinforcing the urgency of public policies that promote continuous and accessible financial education from the school base, empowering individuals to translate theoretical knowledge into effective financial planning and control practices, aiming at the prevention of over-indebtedness and the improvement of quality of life. However, the study presented limitations arising from the use of a convenience sample, carried out through digital means, which may compromise the representativeness of the results and exclude groups without internet access. The absence of specific regional delimitation and the exclusive use of closed-ended questions also restricted a more in-depth analysis of financial habits and detailed perceptions. It is suggested that future studies explore methodologies that allow for a more diverse and representative sample, with qualitative approaches that deepen individuals’ perceptions, as well as investigations focused on practical educational interventions and their impacts on the financial behavior of different socioeconomic groups.

Bibliographic References

Araujo, Fernando Cosenza; Calife, Flavio Estevez. “A história não contada da Educação Financeira no Brasil.” Roque, JRR Otimização na recuperação de ativos financeiros (2014): 1-11.

Cordeiro, Nilton José Neves; Costa, Manoel Guto Vasconcelos; Silva, Márcio Nascimento. “Educação Financeira no Brasil: uma perspectiva panorâmica.” Ensino da Matemática em Debate 5.1 (2018): 69-84.

Lazaretti Jr, Roberto Carlos; Da Silva Castanheira, Giulia; Maschio, Patrícia Aparecida Scherite. A Importância da Educação Financeira No Brasil. RECIMA21-Revista Científica Multidisciplinar-ISSN 2675-6218, v. 5, n. 12, p. e5126104-e5126104, 2024.

Oliveira, João Lucas de Castro. “Uma nova abordagem para a educação financeira: analisando o perfil de conhecimento dos discentes da FEAAC.” (2022).

Santos, Emanuel H. da Silva; Santos, Fernanda F. dos; Santos, Lucas Fabrício; Moreira, Paula J. P

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Pecege commands the executive operation of the 400 km ecosystem activities that became known as the Brazilian agro Silicon Valley In 2025, in addition to taking over the management of the Piracicaba Technology Park, the Pecege Institute was also designated to command the executive operation of the State Agribusiness Innovation Corridor activities, the so-called […]

Education

April 27, 2026

How to turn a TCC into a business

New management of the Piracicaba Technology Park offers consulting to MBA graduates The new project director of the Piracicaba Technology Park (PTP), Alexandre Barreto, often says that one of the greatest rewards he has ever had in life was seeing his MBA USP/Esalq students structure companies from their final projects […]

Technology

March 20, 2026

The human repertoire in the age of AI

Critical thinking and creativity are irreplaceable in the work of a marketing professional Artificial Intelligence (AI) is capable of incredible feats, but it does not yet possess the judgment, empathy, intuition, and strategic creativity necessary to do the job of a good marketing professional. In this area, it is important to know how to use the tool to automate […]

Renata de Gaspari Valdejão Almeida

Agribusiness

Innovation

February 23, 2026

ESG as a growth strategy in a cooperative in RS

Santa Clara balances social and environmental responsibility with innovation Founded in 1911 by Italian immigrants in Carlos Barbosa, in the Serra Gaúcha region, Cooperativa Santa Clara is an example that it is possible to balance economic growth with social and environmental responsibility. From a small cheese production company, the organization has evolved into a […]

Renata de Gaspari Valdejão Almeida

Agribusiness

Innovation

January 22, 2026

Brazil free of Foot-and-Mouth Disease: what changes for Brazilian beef?

With a herd of over 200 million head of cattle, the country is currently the leader in exports. Brazil recently received, for the first time, the certification of country free of foot -and-mouth disease without vaccination, conferred by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). The seal strengthens the country’s position as a reliable supplier of meat for the […]

Renata de Gaspari Valdejão Almeida

Innovation

December 09, 2025

Innovation: the new cycle of the Piracicaba Technology Park

Instituto Pecege assumes management, betting on the creation of new businesses Starting in 2026, Instituto Pecege will assume the management of the Piracicaba Technology Park (PTP). Among its responsibilities will be the administration, operation, maintenance, and expansion of the park, in addition to fostering activities in innovation, entrepreneurship, and science and technology. The choice was made […]

Renata de Gaspari Valdejão Almeida

July 06, 2026

Large-Scale Architecture: DSR-SCRUM Change Management

Mônica Alessandra Guerios; Maria do Carmo Assis Todorov Abstract generated by ResumeAI, an artificial intelligence solution developed by Instituto Pecege focused on synthesis and writing. Architecture and urbanism are configured as essential bases in an increasingly complex and challenging urban space, where the intrinsic connection between social, environmental, and technological issues […]